Cellular technologies

5G for Enterprises: Why Mobile Operators Must Rethink Vendor Strategies

By Adnan Ghayas / January 8, 2025

5G for Enterprises: Why Mobile Operators Must Rethink Vendor Strategies 5G for Enterprises: Why Mobile Operators Must Rethink Vendor Strategies If you’re a mobile network operator or someone working at a mobile operator, you’re likely sourcing your network equipment from a small group of vendors based on the same 3GPP standards as other operators. These […]

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Uplink and Downlink in mobile communications

By Adnan Ghayas / October 15, 2023

Uplink (UL or U/L for short) and downlink (DL or D/L for short) are two basic terminologies used in mobile communications. These are two communication links that allow the mobile phone and the mobile network to communicate with each other. Uplink is the communication link that transmits the signal from the mobile phone to the

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Are 4G LTE networks CDMA or GSM?

By Adnan Ghayas / October 2, 2021

4G LTE networks have now been around for over a decade in most countries, but the increasing number of existing cellular technologies can make it a bit hard to distinguish LTE from technologies like GSM and CDMA. 4G LTE is neither CDMA nor GSM but a separate cellular technology that provides the 4G migration path

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3G UMTS networks: What is UMTS and why does it use WCDMA?

By Adnan Ghayas / June 28, 2021

The third generation of mobile networks, also referred to as 3G, is primarily enabled by two cellular technologies: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) and CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple Access Year 2000). UMTS is the 3G migration path used by the most widely deployed second-generation (2G) technology, GSM. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) is a third-generation

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LTE vs LTE Advanced: Is 4G LTE different from LTE Advanced?

By Adnan Ghayas / December 31, 2020

LTE or Long Term Evolution is the most widely deployed and adopted cellular technology today. LTE represents the fourth generation of mobile networks, and LTE Advanced is one of the key enhancements added to LTE to improve the data rates considerably. LTE or 4G LTE is the fourth generation of mobile networks that uses the

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2G GSM: What is a GSM network and how does GSM work?

By Adnan Ghayas / March 5, 2020

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications, and it is one of the most widely deployed second-generation (2G) cellular technologies globally. GSM was initially introduced in 1991 in Europe before it made its way to the rest of the world. GSM or Global System for Mobile Communications is a second-generation (2G) digital technology standard

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What do the terms 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G really mean?

By Adnan Ghayas / March 3, 2020

Mobile networks have matured over the last two decades from a data speed perspective, but they continue to evolve to enable many new use cases for people and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Today, the 4G and 5G use the same technologies worldwide; however, it wasn’t the case before the fourth generation of mobile networks.

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GSM vs CDMA: Difference between GSM and CDMA mobile networks

By Adnan Ghayas / January 12, 2020

Mobile networks have used several cellular technologies worldwide for their evolution from 1G through to 5G. During the 2G and 3G eras, two distinct tracks were created for the future development of mobile networks. These tracks, GSM and CDMA, continued to progress separately until 4G LTE was introduced to streamline the future growth of mobile

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Long Term Evolution: What is 4G LTE and how does it work?

By Adnan Ghayas / November 19, 2019

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, and it is a cellular technology that enables the fourth generation of mobile networks. Fourth-generation mobile networks, also known as 4G, are currently the most widely deployed mobile networks today. While the fifth generation of mobile networks (5G) has already been introduced, it hasn’t yet achieved the same penetration

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What are digital and analog mobile networks?

By Adnan Ghayas / November 17, 2019

As a mobile phone user, you may occasionally come across situations where you, for whatever reason, need to know the difference between digital and analogue (or analogue) mobile networks. This situation can be a more frequent occurrence if you are an electrical, electronics, or telecommunications engineering student. While you may find tens if not hundreds

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